System Administrator's Guide | Red Hat Product Documentation (2024)

Red Hat Update Infrastructure 3.0 offers:

The following table presents the various Red Hat Update Infrastructure components.

At a high level, this guide describes how to perform the following installation tasks.

There are several scenarios for setting up your cloud environment. This guide documents Option 1: Full Installation and includes notes and remarks about how to alter the installation for other scenarios.

The following subsections describe each RHUI component.

[root@rhua ~]# ls /export/published/docker ostree yum[root@cds01 ~]# ls /var/lib/rhui/remote_share/published/docker ostree yum

[root@cds01 ~]# ls -1 /var/log/httpd/access_logcds.example.com_access_ssl.logcds.example.com_error_ssl.logcrane_access_ssl.logcrane_error_ssl.logdefault_error.logerror_log

[root@rhui3proxy ~]# cat /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg# This file managed by Puppetglobal chroot /var/lib/haproxy daemon group haproxy log 10.13.153.2 local0 maxconn 4000 pidfile /var/run/haproxy.pid stats socket /var/lib/haproxy/stats user haproxydefaults log global maxconn 8000 option redispatch retries 3 stats enable timeout http-request 10s timeout queue 1m timeout connect 10s timeout client 1m timeout server 1m timeout check 10slisten crane00 bind 10.13.153.2:5000 balance roundrobin option tcplog option ssl-hello-chk server cds3-2.usersys.redhat.com cds3-2.usersys.redhat.com:5000 check server cds3-1.usersys.redhat.com cds3-1.usersys.redhat.com:5000 checklisten https00 bind 10.13.153.2:443 balance roundrobin option tcplog option ssl-hello-chk server cds3-2.usersys.redhat.com cds3-2.usersys.redhat.com:443 check server cds3-1.usersys.redhat.com cds3-1.usersys.redhat.com:443 check

There are three types of cloud computing environments: public cloud, private cloud, and hybrid cloud. This guide focuses on public and private clouds. We assume the guide’s audience understands the implications of using public, private, and hybrid clouds.

See AppendixA, Red Hat Update Infrastructure Management Tool Menus and Commands for a list of the functions you can perform using Red Hat Update Infrastructure Management Tool.

See AppendixB, Red Hat Update Infrastructure Command-Line Interface for a list of the functions that can also be run from a standard shell prompt.

All RHUI components use the HTTPS communication protocol over port 443.

Report a bug

The RHUA and CDS nodes require Red Hat Enterprise Linux installations with the base packages and with all repositories disabled except for rhel-7-server-rpms (or rhel-6-server-rpms for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6). This requirement also means any third-party configurations or software that is not directly necessary for the direct operation of the server cannot be installed. This restriction includes hardening or other non-Red Hat security software.

Report a bug

To install the RHUI packages on the RHUA node, CDS nodes, and HAProxy nodes, mount the ISO to a suitable directory (or burn the ISO to a CD, insert the CD, and mount the ISO), and enter the mount point.

The setup_package_repos script is provided in the root directory of the RHUI ISO image.

Perform the following step on the RHUA node, CDS nodes, and HAProxy nodes to install the RHUI packages.

The rhui-installer sets the initial Red Hat Update Infrastructure login password and displays it in its output. It is also written in the /etc/rhui-installer/answers.yaml file. You can override the initial password with the --rhui-manager-password option. If you want to change the initial password later, you can only change it via the rhui-manager tool. Run the rhui-installer --help command to see the full list of rhui-installer options.

Report a bug

The Red Hat Update Infrastructure Management Tool provides several options for configuring a content delivery server (CDS) within the Red Hat Update Infrastructure (RHUI). Adding a CDS differs in Red Hat Update Infrastructure 3.0 from Red Hat Update Infrastructure 2.1.3. Rather than adding a preconfigured CDS as done in Red Hat Update Infrastructure 2.1.3, the Add step in the Red Hat Update Appliance (RHUA) also installs CDS services.

Use the following procedure to unregister (delete) a CDS instance that you are not going to use any longer.

Report a bug

The initial synchronization of Red Hat content can take a while, typically 10 to 20 minutes. Begin synchronizing as soon as possible.

Report a bug

By default, clients are set to take content from the main release channel, for example, 7Server or 6Server. If you have synchronized the EUS channel, you need to set the concrete version of the release. After installing the client RPM, the client machine has the rhui-set-release tool available.

Report a bug

Create custom repositories that can be used to distribute updated client configuration packages or other non-Red Hat software to the RHUI servers. A protected repository for 64-bit RHUI servers (for example, client-rhui-x86_64) will be the preferred vehicle for distributing new non-Red Hat packages (such as an updated client configuration package) to the RHUI servers.

Like Red Hat content repositories, all of which are protected, protected custom repositories that differ only in processor architecture (i386 versus AMD64) are consolidated into a single entitlement within an entitlement certificate, using the $basearch yum variable.

In the event of certificate problems, an unprotected repository for RHUI servers can be used as a fallback method for distributing updated RPMs to the RHUI servers.

See Section10.1, “Create an Entitlement Certificate” for details.

See Section10.2, “Create a Client Configuration RPM” for details.

Report a bug

The following requirements apply to certified cloud images, most of which are default behaviors or configurations.

See the Cloud Image Certification Policy Guide for more details.

The image must be sanitized to make it suitable for use as a template. This script can be used to sanitize a virtual machine image in preparation for use as a template. It is compatible with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 images.

#!/bin/bash# RHEL 7if ! [[ `runlevel | cut -d " " -f 2` =~ ^[1S]$ ]]; thenecho "Please *boot* to runlevel 1"exit 3fi# Kill udevkillall -9 udevd# Clean out /rootrm -rf /root/*rm -f /root/.bash_historyrm -rf /root/.ssh# SSH host keysrm -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_*# Remove all files in /var that are not owned by an RPMfor FILE in `find /var -type f`; dorpm -qf --quiet "$FILE" || rm -f "$FILE"done# Remove empty directories in /var that are not owned by an RPMuntil [ "$REMOVED_DIR" = false ]; do REMOVED_DIR=false for DIR in `find /var -type d -empty`; do if ! rpm -qf --quiet "$DIR"; then REMOVED_DIR=true rmdir "$DIR" fi donedone# Truncate any remaining files in /var/logfor FILE in `find /var/log -type f`; do echo -n > "$FILE"done# Make sure the RPM GPG key has been importedrpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release 2> /dev/null# Remove MAC addresses from /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*for FILE in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*; do sed -i /^HWADDR/d "$FILE"done# Remove auto-generated udev rules for CD-ROM and network devicesrm -f /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-{cd,net}.rules# Clean out /tmpfind /tmp -mindepth 1 -delete

Report a bug

Red Hat’s Certified Cloud & Service Provider (CCSP) Partners control what channels and packages are delivered through their service. See this Knowledgebase article for the most current information regarding what channels are available. The repositories are available for use with:

Contact your CCSP if a required channel is missing. You can learn more about what is available by browsing the Certification Catalog.

A repository is a server node that contains downloadable software for a Linux distribution. You use yum to search for, install, and control RPMs from the repository to your RHUA and CDS nodes.

# rhui-manager repo add_errata --repo_id my_repo --updateinfo ~/Downloads/ac4c9d01646b2100cf292a6b67672ad5-updateinfo.xml.gz

RHUI does not delete orphaned content units (also known as orphans) when the Red Hat Update Infrastructure Management Tool deletes a repository. See Section14.2.4, “Delete a Red Hat Repository” for more details. Orphans are package files no longer referenced by any repository but remain on the file system and consume disk space. Package files can become orphans as a result of the configuration settings or repository deletion. If you are unsure about the deletion of these content units, consider enlarging disk space instead of removing the orphans.

You can delete orphans on the RHUA and CDSs to reclaim disk space. The following procedure deletes orphans from RHUI. Perform a complete backup before using these steps.

CDS nodes are the main component of a content delivery network (CDN), offering high availability to the client. Running servers in a geographically dispersed manner can also improve response time.

The Content Delivery Server (CDS) Management screen is used to list, add, reinstall, and delete CDS nodes.

Red Hat Update Infrastructure 3.0 in a Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 system or Red Hat Atomic Host system uses Docker to automate the deployment of applications inside Linux containers. Using Docker offers the following advantages:

Linux containers with docker format are supported running on hosts with SELinux enabled. SELinux is not supported when the /var/lib/docker directory is located on a volume using the B-tree file system (Btrfs).

See Get Started with Docker Formatted Container Images and Red Hat Enterprise Linux Atomic Host 7: Getting Started with Containers for more information about containers.

Red Hat Enterprise Linux Atomic Host is a variation of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 optimized to run Linux containers. It has been built to be lightweight and efficient, making it a particularly optimal operating system to use as a container runtime system for cloud environments. RHEL Atomic Host comes with many tools for running containers preinstalled (docker, atomic, etcd, flannel). All-in-one kubernetes installs are still supported, but Red Hat no longer supports Kubernetes clusters.

RHEL Atomic Host uses an open source tool called rpm-OSTree to manage bootable, immutable, versioned file system trees made of RPM content. Red Hat composes these trees from packages, and the rpm-ostree tool replicates the trees atomically. This results in a strategy for upgrade and maintenance that centers around atomic updates. The use of rpm-ostree instead of Yum to upgrade and maintain software means that RHEL Atomic Host is managed differently than other RHEL 7 variants.

Specifically, when using RHEL Atomic Host, the operating system content is mounted in read-only mode. There are only two writable directories for local system configuration: /etc/ and /var/. Updates work in the following way: a new bootable file system tree is generated, which shares storage with the current file system tree. When you download the new system tree, the old one is retained in parallel with it. This means that the first, pre-upgrade version of the file system tree can be atomically restored when needed.

User files that are intended to persist across upgrades, including containers and data, should be placed in the /var/ directory. The operating system itself is stored in the /usr/ directory and is read-only. If you perform a long file listing in the root directory using the command ls -l /, you will discover that many of the traditional root-level directories are symbolic links to one of these two locations. For example, the /home/ directory is a symbolic link to the /var/home/ directory. This directory will therefore persist across upgrades.

The default partitioning dedicates most of the available space for the containers, using direct LVM as the storage backend instead of the default loopback as it is on Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Storage is managed the docker-storage-setup daemon, which creates two Logical Volumes during installation, root for the file system content, and docker-pool for the images and containers.

RHEL Atomic Host uses SELinux to provide strong safeguards in multi-tenant environments. The iptables services are available as firewall; iptables is turned off by default.

See Red Hat Enterprise Linux Atomic Host 7 Installation and Configuration Guide for more information about Red Hat Atomic Host.

The Red Hat Update Appliance (RHUA) in Red Hat Update Infrastructure (RHUI) uses the following certificates and keys:

The RHUA is configured with the content certificate and the entitlement certificate. The RHUA uses the content certificate to connect to the Red Hat Content Delivery Network (CDN). It also uses the Red Hat CA certificate to verify the connection to the Red Hat CDN. As the RHUA is the only component that connects to the Red Hat CDN, it will be the only RHUI component that has this certificate deployed. It should be noted that multiple RHUI installations can use the same content certificate. For instance, the Amazon EC2 cloud runs four RHUI installations (one per region), but each RHUI installation uses the same content certificate.

Clients use the entitlement certificate only to permit access to packages in RHUI. To perform an environment health check, RHUA attempts a yum request against each CDS. To succeed, the yum request must specify a valid entitlement certificate.

Each CDS node in RHUI uses the following certificates and keys:

The only certificate necessary for the CDS is an SSL certificate, which permits HTTPS communications between the client and the CDS. The SSL certificates are scoped to a specific host name, so a unique SSL certificate is required for each CDS node. If SSL errors occur when connecting to a CDS, the certificate should be double-checked to make sure its common name is set to the fully qualified domain name of the CDS on which it is installed.

The CA certificate is used to verify that the entitlement certificate sent by the client as part of a yum request was signed by the cloud provider. This prevents a rogue instance from generating its own entitlement certificate for unauthorized use within RHUI.

Each client in the RHUI uses the following certificates and keys:

The entitlement certificate and its private key enable information encyrption from the CDS back to the client. Each client uses the entitlement certificate when connecting to the CDS to prove it has permission to download its packages. All clients use a single entitlement certificate.

The cloud provider’s CA certificate is used to verify the CDS’s SSL certificate when connecting to it. This ensures that a rogue instance is not impersonating the CDS and introducing potentially malicious packages into the client.

The CA certificate is used to verify the CDS’s SSL certificate, not the entitlement certificate itself. The reverse is true for the CDS node. The CDS’s SSL certificate and private key are used for encrypting data from the client to the CDS. The CA certificate present on the CDS is used to verify that the CDS node should trust the entitlement certificate sent by the client.

When Red Hat issues the original entitlement certificate, it grants access to the repositories you requested. When you create client entitlement certificates, you need to decide how to subdivide your clients and create a separate certificate for each one. You can then use each certificate to create individual RPMs for installation on the appropriate guest images.

Follow these steps to back up the Red Hat Update Appliance server. Stopping services does not disable any client instances from updating or installing packages because clients are only connected to the content delivery servers (CDSs), not to the Red Hat Update Appliance server. If you have an automated monitoring solution in place, your monitoring may fail during the backup process.

Follow these steps to back up a CDS. To mitigate the outage, if you have more than one CDS, only back up a single CDS at a time. Client instances will automatically fail over to other running CDS instances.

Follow these steps to back up an HAProxy server.

Report a bug

Example

[root@rhua ~]# rhui-manager cert upload --cert /tmp/extra_rhui_files/rhcert.pemRed Hat Entitlements Valid Beta RHEL RHUI Everything 7 Debug Expiration: 05-17-2026 Certificate: rhcert.pem Beta RHEL RHUI Everything 7 OS Expiration: 05-17-2026 Certificate: rhcert.pem

Example

[root@rhua ~]# rhui-manager packages upload --repo_id my_custom_repo --packages /tmp/webalizer-2.21-6.2.x86_64.rpmUploading /tmp/webalizer-2.21-6.2.x86_64.rpm.../tmp/webalizer-2.21-6.2.x86_64.rpm successfully uploaded

Example

[root@rhua ~]# rhui-manager repo listID :: Repository NameRed Hat Repositories--------------------rhel-rhui-server-7-rh-gluster-samba-3.1-os-7Server-x86_64 :: RHEL RHUI Server 7 Rh-gluster-samba 3.1 OS (7Server-x86_64)Custom Repositories--------------------my_custom_repo :: My Custom Repo

Example

[root@rhua ~]# rhui-manager statusRHEL RHUI Server 7 Rh-gluster-samba 3.1 OS (7Server-x86_64) ........... NeverEntitlement CA certificate expiration date = 2038-01-18T10:30:32Z .... [ OK ]0

Example

[root@rhua ~]# rhui-manager client cert --repo_label rhel-rhui-server-7-rh-gluster-samba-3.1-os --name gluster-samba-31 --days 365 --dir /tmp.........................................................................................+++..............+++Entitlement certificate created at /tmp/gluster-samba-31.crt

Example

[root@rhua ~]# rhui-manager subscriptions list --availableAvailable subscriptions Label: Red Hat Update Infrastructure and RHEL Add-Ons for Providers Pool ID: 8a85f98b61e217aa0161ed24079a583e

Report a bug

Pulp can execute almost any call asynchronously and some calls are always executed asynchronously. Pulp provides REST APIs to inspect and manage the tasks executing these calls.

{ "_href": "/pulp/api/v2/tasks/0fe4fcab-a040-11e1-a71c-00508d977dff/", "state": "running", "worker_name": "reserved_resource_worker-0@your.domain.com", "task_id": "0fe4fcab-a040-11e1-a71c-00508d977dff", "task_type": "pulp.server.tasks.repository.sync_with_auto_publish", "progress_report": {}, # contents depend on the operation "result": null, "start_time": "2012-05-17T16:48:00Z", "finish_time": null, "exception": null, "traceback": null, "tags": [ "pulp:repository:f16", "pulp:action:sync" ], "spawned_tasks": [{"href": "/pulp/api/v2/tasks/7744e2df-39b9-46f0-bb10-feffa2f7014b/", "task_id": "7744e2df-39b9-46f0-bb10-feffa2f7014b" }], "error": null}

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991

Copyright © 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble

The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software—​to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation’s software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.

To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.

For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.

We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.

Also, for each author’s protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.

Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone’s free use or not licensed at all.

The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.

TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION

0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Progr am or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".

Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.

1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program’s source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.

You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.

2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.

b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.

c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.

In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.

3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:

a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)

The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.

If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.

6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.

7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.

If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.

It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.

This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.

8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.

9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.

NO WARRANTY

11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of authorGnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w`.This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c` for details.

The hypothetical commands show w and show c should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than show w and show c; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items—​whatever suits your program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:

Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision'(which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1989Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the [GNU Lesser General Public License](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html) instead of this License.

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 3, 29 June 2007

Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. http://fsf.org/

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble

The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works.

The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a program—​to make sure it remains free software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to your programs, too.

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs, and that you know you can do these things.

To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you have certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.

For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.

Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps: (1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.

For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users' and authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to authors of previous versions.

Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of protecting users' freedom to change the software. The systematic pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, we have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those products. If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.

Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents. States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.

The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.

TERMS AND CONDITIONS

0. Definitions

"This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.

"Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of works, such as semiconductor masks.

"The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this License. Each licensee is addressed as "you". "Licensees" and "recipients" may be individuals or organizations.

To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an exact copy. The resulting work is called a "modified version" of the earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work.

A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work based on the Program.

To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying, distribution (with or without modification), making available to the public, and in some countries other activities as well.

To "convey" a work means any kind of propagation that enables other parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user through a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.

An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices" to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2) tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.

1. Source Code

The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. "Object code" means any non-source form of a work.

A "Standard Interface" means an interface that either is an official standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that is widely used among developers working in that language.

The "System Libraries" of an executable work include anything, other than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an implementation is available to the public in source code form. A "Major Component", in this context, means a major essential component (kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating system (if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to produce the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it.

The "Corresponding Source" for a work in object code form means all the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable work) run the object code and to modify the work, including scripts to control those activities. However, it does not include the work’s System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free programs which are used unmodified in performing those activities but which are not part of the work. For example, Corresponding Source includes interface definition files associated with source files for the work, and the source code for shared libraries and dynamically linked subprograms that the work is specifically designed to require, such as by intimate data communication or control flow between those subprograms and other parts of the work.

The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding Source.

The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that same work.

2. Basic Permissions

All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.

You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains in force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with the terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do not control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of your copyrighted material outside their relationship with you.

Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10 makes it unnecessary.

3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law

No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article 11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, or similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such measures.

When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid circumvention of technological measures to the extent such circumvention is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to the covered work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work’s users, your or third parties' legal rights to forbid circumvention of technological measures.

4. Conveying Verbatim Copies

You may convey verbatim copies of the Program’s source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice; keep intact all notices stating that this License and any non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code; keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.

You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.

5. Conveying Modified Source Versions

You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

a) The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified it, and giving a relevant date.

b) The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is released under this License and any conditions added under section 7. This requirement modifies the requirement in section 4 to "keep intact all notices".

c) You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This License will therefore apply, along with any applicable section 7 additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all its parts, regardless of how they are packaged. This License gives no permission to license the work in any other way, but it does not invalidate such permission if you have separately received it.

d) If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal Notices, your work need not make them do so.

A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work, and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other parts of the aggregate.

6. Conveying Non-Source Forms

You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, in one of these ways:

a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium customarily used for software interchange.

b) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that product model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the product that is covered by this License, on a durable physical medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge.

c) Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and only if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord with subsection 6b.

d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no further charge. You need not require recipients to copy the Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the place to copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source may be on a different server (operated by you or a third party) that supports equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain clear directions next to the object code saying where to find the Corresponding Source. Regardless of what server hosts the Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements.

e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no charge under subsection 6d.

A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be included in conveying the object code work.

A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means any tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product, doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular product received by a particular user, "normally used" refers to a typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent the only significant mode of use of the product.

"Installation Information" for a User Product means any methods, procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because modification has been made.

If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has been installed in ROM).

The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a network may be denied when the modification itself materially and adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and protocols for communication across the network.

Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided, in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly documented (and with an implementation available to the public in source code form), and must require no special password or key for unpacking, reading or copying.

7. Additional Terms

"Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by this License without regard to the additional permissions.

When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work, for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:

a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or

b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal Notices displayed by works containing it; or

c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in reasonable ways as different from the original version; or

d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or authors of the material; or

e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or

f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on those licensors and authors.

All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further restrictions" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is governed by this License along with a term that is a further restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms of that license document, provided that the further restriction does not survive such relicensing or conveying.

If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating where to find the applicable terms.

Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the above requirements apply either way.

8. Termination

You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third paragraph of section 11).

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same material under section 10.

9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies

You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.

10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients

Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.

An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work the party’s predecessor in interest had or could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.

You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.

11. Patents

A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus licensed is called the contributor’s "contributor version".

A contributor’s "essential patent claims" are all patent claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License.

Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent license under the contributor’s essential patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and propagate the contents of its contributor version.

In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To "grant" such a patent license to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party.

If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you have actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the covered work in a country, or your recipient’s use of the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe are valid.

If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered work and works based on it.

A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or compilations that contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.

Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.

12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom

If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.

13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License

Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the combination as such.

14. Revised Versions of this License

The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.

Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version.

15. Disclaimer of Warranty

THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

16. Limitation of Liability

IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16

If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w`.This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c` for details.

The hypothetical commands show w and show c should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program’s commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses.

The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html.

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